Marrakesh

San Franciscans have passionate perspectives on every subject, especially their signature landmark.

Marrakesh: A Cultural Jewel of Morocco:

Introduction:

Marrakesh, or Marrakech, (/məˈrækɛʃ/ or /ˌmærəˈkɛʃ/; Arabic: مراكش, pronounced [murraːkuʃ]), is the fourth-largest city in Morocco. Renowned for its rich history and vibrant cultural tapestry. Situated west of the Atlas Mountains.

Foundation and Early Development in Marrakesh:

Emir Abu Bakr ibn Umar founded Marrakesh in 1070. This event marked the start of its architectural legacy. The city’s red walls, constructed by Ali ibn Yusuf in 1122–1123. Earned it the nickname “Red City” (المدينة الحمراء Al-madīnat al-ḥamrā’). These developments made Marrakesh a major hub. It was for culture, religion, and commerce in the Maghreb.

Saadian Renaissance and Cultural Flourishing:

After a decline, Marrakesh revived in the early 16th century. It was under the Saadian dynasty. Sultans Abdallah al-Ghalib and Ahmad al-Mansur enriched the city. They built opulent palaces and did extensive restorations. By the 17th century, Marrakesh had become a revered pilgrimage site for Sufi devotees.

Colonial Era and Modern Development:

In 1912, during the French Protectorate, Marrakesh saw T’hami El Glaoui become Pasha. He held the position until Morocco gained independence in 1956. The city’s medina is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It remains a bustling hub of trade, famous for its lively market stalls and the iconic Jemaa el-Fnaa. During the 21st century, Marrakesh has seen fast growth in real estate and hotels. This has attracted a diverse set of visitors and investors, especially from France.

Economic and Cultural Significance:

Marrakesh boasts Morocco’s largest traditional market (souk), featuring approximately 18 distinct marketplaces. Craftsmanship is integral to the city’s economy. It showcases artisans’ talent in crafting intricate goods. Tourists make up the largest group of buyers for goods. Marrakesh is easy to reach via Ménara International Airport and it’s railway station. The station connects to major Moroccan cities. This shows the pivotal role of Marrakesh in regional transport and commerce.

Educational and Sporting Hub:

Marrakesh is home to esteemed institutions like Cadi Ayyad University. It fosters academic excellence amidst its cultural backdrop. The city loves sports. This is clear from its football clubs, like Najm de Marrakech and KAC Marrakech. It’s also hosts international racing at the Marrakesh Street Circuit.

Etymology of Marrakesh:

Scholars debate, and the mystery shrouds the origins of Marrakesh’s name. One theory traces it to the Berber (Amazigh) expression “amur (n) akush,” signifying “Land of God.” But historian Susan Searight reveals an intriguing twist. An 11th-century manuscript at Fez’s Qarawiyyin library suggests the name’s meaning. It might be “country of the sons of Kush.” This adds complexity to its origin. Many now use the Berber term “mur” as “tamurt.” It shares roots with Mauretania, an ancient North African kingdom. But, scholars dispute the link. It is between the name Mauretania and the Greek word “mavros”. The word means “dark.”

Its English name, “Marrakesh,” identifies the city. The French variant shares the same level of recognition as “Marrakech”. It appears as “Mṛṛakc” in the Berber Latin alphabet. In Portuguese, it is “Marraquexe” and in Spanish “Marrakech”. These names echo its multicultural allure.

Throughout history, Marrakesh was the capital of Morocco. The whole country earned the nickname “Kingdom of Marrakesh.” It kept the name until the early 20th century. This legacy endures. “Marrakesh” is still Morocco’s name in Persian, Urdu, and many South Asian languages. European languages adopted variants like Marruecos, Marrocos, Maroc, and Marokko from the Berber word “Murrākush.”” Early travelers just called it “Marocco City.” The city-country split lasted until Morocco’s independence and the Treaty of Fez. The treaty split the nation into French and Spanish protectorates. The nation received its official designation as the Maghreb Kingdom.

Marrakesh is synonymous with the “Red City,” “Ochre City,” and “Daughter of the Desert.” It continues to evoke poetic imagery. Poets have likened it to “a drum.” This drum beats an African identity into Morocco’s complex soul. It reflects the country’s enduring mystique and cultural significance.

History:

Marrakesh has a rich Berber history and vibrant culture. It dates to ancient times when Berber farmers settled the area in the Neolithic era. Evidence of their presence persists in unearthed stone implements scattered across the region.

In the 11th century, people founded the city. Abu Bakr ibn Umar was a chieftain and relative of the Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin. He made Marrakesh the capital of the Almoravid dynasty. This Berber dynasty had a vision to reform Islamic society. It wielded large influence over a vast empire. The empire stretched from Senegal to Spain and from the Atlantic coast to Algiers. They fortified Marrakesh with big structures, such as mosques and the Ksar al-Hajjar. They laid the foundational architecture that would shape the city for centuries.

Under Almoravid rule, Marrakesh thrived as a cultural and religious hub. It outdid its predecessor, Aghmat, as the capital of the Haouz region. Andalusian craftsmen brought with them the intricate Umayyad style from Cordoba and Seville. It blended well with Saharan and West African designs. This mix gave rise to Marrakesh’s unique architecture.

In the early 12th century, the city saw the rise of the Almohad movement, led by Ibn Tumart. This radical reformist movement challenged the Almoravids. It’s grasped Marrakesh’s reins in 1147, designating it as their capital. The Almohads added to the city. They built landmarks like the Kutubiyya Mosque and the Menara Gardens. This made Marrakesh even more of a center of power and culture.

Modern Marrakesh:

By the 16th century, Marrakesh saw a resurgence under the Saadian dynasty. This was especially true during the reigns of Abdallah al-Ghalib and Ahmad al-Mansur. The sultans built opulent palaces, such as the El Badi Palace. They used them to show their wealth and power to foreign visitors and diplomats.

The city’s history saw it evolve through political turbulence. This included shifts in power between factions and colonial influences. The French Protectorate started in 1912. It brought T’hami El Glaoui to prominence as Pasha of Marrakesh. He oversaw a complex era marked by colonial rule and nationalist aspirations.

Marrakesh gained independence in 1956. Since then, it has thrived as a top tourist destination. It attracts visitors. Its rich culture draws tourists. Tourists also come for its old medina. They also come for its famous landmarks, like the Majorelle Gardens. The city’s global stature grew when UNESCO made its old town a World Heritage Site in 1985. This highlighted its importance as a cultural treasure.

Marrakesh has experienced explosive growth in the 21st century. There has been a surge in real estate and hospitality projects. They’ve aimed to host the growing influx of tourists. The city faces challenges, such as security incidents and natural disasters. But it’s continued to captivate travelers with its mix of history and modern energy.

Marrakesh’s journey through history shows a resilient spirit. Ancient traditions mix with modern ambitions there. It is a timeless destination that embodies Morocco’s cultural heritage.

Geography:

Marrakesh sits in southwest Morocco. It’s easy to reach from many cities by road. The city is 580 kilometers southwest of Tangier. It is 327 kilometers southwest of Rabat and 239 kilometers southwest of Casablanca.  also 196 kilometers southwest of Beni Mellal. It is 177 kilometers east of Essaouira and 246 kilometers northeast of Agadir.

The city has seen large growth beyond its historic center. The northern suburbs have grown. They include places like Daoudiat, Diour El Massakine, Sidi Abbad, Sakar, and Amerchich. Developments in the southeast include Sidi Youssef Ben Ali. Neighborhoods like Massira and Targa have grown to the west. They stretch southwest to M’hamid beyond the airport. You encounter villages like Douar Lahna, Touggana, Lagouassem, and Lahebichate. They are on the P2017 road, south of you. The road winds its way to Tahnaout, nestled at the High Atlas Mountains’ foothills. They are North Africa’s tallest mountain range.

Natural Beauty and Green Oasis of Marrakesh:

The High Atlas Mountains predominantly consist of Jurassic limestone rock layers. They reach elevations over 3,000 meters. They stretch from the Atlantic coast east of Agadir. the mountains extend northeast into Algeria and taper into Tunisia.

Marrakesh is in the Tensift River valley. The river meanders along its north edge. The valley lies about 30 kilometers (19 miles) to the south. It’s the picturesque Ourika River valley, famous for its beauty. David Prescott Barrows characterizes Marrakesh as Morocco’s most unconventional city. It is set against the red heights of Jebel Yagour. They are still capped with snow. And the silvery valley of the Ourika River. The valley curves north towards Marrakesh. Barrows further marvels at the city’s landscape. He notes that the Atlas Mountains have winter snow. They make a unique view against the clear desert sky.

Marrakesh is also famous for its green surroundings. It has 130,000 hectares of greenery and over 180,000 palm trees in its Palmeraie. The city has gardens. Examples include the Agdal Garden and Menara Garden. They have citrus trees, figs, pomegranates, and olives. The gardens have many types of plants. These include bamboos, yuccas, papyrus, and banana trees. Also, cypress, philodendrons, roses, bougainvilleas, pines, and cacti. The gardens mix native species with plants introduced over the centuries.

Climate of Marrakech:

Marrakesh has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). It has long, hot, dry summers and short, mild to cool winters. The city’s average temperatures range from 12°C (54°F) in winter to between 26–30°C (79–86°F) in summer. This pattern is like Mediterranean climates. But, Marrakesh gets less rain. So, it is semi-arid.

From 1961 to 1990, Marrakesh averaged 281.3 millimeters (11.1 inches) of annual rainfall. The climate of Marrakesh is often called desert-like. But, this is somewhat misleading. Marrakesh gets seasonal rain. Unlike typical deserts, it comes underground, not in streams. The area’s low brush vegetation replaces the forests found in wetter regions. Marrakesh is on the north side of the Atlas Mountains. This landscape has sparse vegetation. Instead, it’s a gateway to Saharan trade routes.

Marrakesh is a city that balances its history with its modernity. This mix makes it a fascinating destination year-round. You might be seeking to escape the winter chill or bask in the summer heat. Marrakesh’s unique climate offers something for all travelers.

Climate change in Marrakesh:

A 2019 study in PLOS One projected that, under the moderate climate change scenario RCP 4.5, global warming will reach 2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100. It found that Marrakesh in 2050 will have a climate like Bir Lehlou in Western Sahara. This scenario predicts a yearly temperature increase of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F). The coldest month’s temperature will rise by 1.6 °C (2.9 °F). The warmest month’s temperature will soar by 7 °C (13 °F). Climate Action Tracker’s analysis shows that current warming is on track for a 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) increase. This is consistent with the RCP 4.5 scenario.

Water:

Marrakesh’s water supply depends heavily on groundwater. This water has been steadily running out for the past four decades. This decline became particularly severe in the early 2000s. Since 2002, groundwater levels have fallen by 0.9 meters per year. This has happened in 80% of Marrakesh and its surroundings. The hardest-hit areas have seen a dramatic decrease of 37 meters, averaging over 2 meters per year.

Demographics:

The latest census data is from 2023. It says Marrakesh has about 1,150,000 residents. This is up from 980,000 in 2010. The number of households in 2023 is estimated at around 260,000, compared to 200,000 in 2010.

Economy:

Marrakesh plays a pivotal role in both the economy and cultural landscape of Morocco. Better infrastructure has highways to Casablanca, Agadir, and it has a local airport. Tourism experienced a remarkable surge. It’s drawn over two million visitors each year. Tourism is important to the economy. King Mohammed VI aimed to double tourist numbers by 2020. He targeted 20 million visitors yearly to Morocco.

The city’s allure extends worldwide. It is especially appealing to the French. Many French celebrities, like Yves St Laurent and Jean-Paul Gaultier, invest in local properties. Over the past 15 years, Marrakesh has seen a surge in real estate development. It has attracted thousands of foreign buyers. Its rich culture and cheap housing enticed them. This change hasn’t gone unnoticed. French magazine Le Point likened Marrakesh to the new St. Tropez. It’s shifted from an exclusive to a favored spot for the European elite.

Despite the economic boom, many Marrakesh residents still grapple with poverty. Tens of thousands lacked water and electricity as recently as 2010. Moreover, many local businesses are burdened by substantial debt.

During the 2007 global economic downturn, Marrakesh saw big investment. This was true for real estate, especially for tourist accommodations and social housing. Some notable developments include luxurious hotels, golf courses, and health spas. They show growth comparable to Dubai. Projects like Royal Ranches Marrakech will boost the local economy. They will create jobs and attract visitors.

Landmarks of Marrakesh:

Jemaa el-Fnaa Square:

Jemaa el-Fnaa is one of Africa’s most iconic squares. It pulsates with vibrant city life and commerce. It’s a UNESCO World Heritage site. It has had renown since 1985. People have called it a “metaphorical urban icon.” It blends Moroccan tradition with modernity. Historians debate the origins of the square’s name. It likely refers to a mosque that was planned but never finished. The mosque fell into disrepair over time.

It was once a big market. It was beside the main fortress of the Almoravid dynasty, Ksar el-Hajjar. Jemaa el-Fnaa evolved with the city’s fortunes under different rulers. It once saw public executions. They were meant to instill fear. But, it also drew traders from the nearby mountains and desert. Throughout history, the square has hosted diverse spectacles. It has been home to snake charmers. It has also been home to Chleuh Atlas tribe dancers, musicians, and storytellers.

Today, Jemaa el-Fnaa still draws a global crowd. It offers a mix of experiences. They range from acrobats and mystics to traditional dentists and pickpockets. These all happen amid the ambiance of medieval-style entertainments. The square remains a vivid snapshot of Marrakesh’s cultural richness and enduring allure.

 

Souks of Marrakesh:

Marrakesh boasts the largest traditional market in Morocco, its souks a defining feature of the city’s identity. Originally segmented into specialized areas for leather, carpets, metalwork, and pottery, these markets retain their historical charm while embracing a dynamic overlap of goods. Visitors engage in the timeless art of haggling while exploring stalls brimming with carpets, rugs, leather bags, and lanterns.

Among the souks, Souk Semmarine stands out with its vibrant array of bejeweled sandals, leather pouffes, jewelry, and kaftans. Souk Ableuh beckons with an aromatic bounty—lemons, chilis, olives, and mint, essential to Moroccan cuisine and tea. Souk Kchacha tantalizes with its dried fruits and nuts, showcasing dates, figs, walnuts, and more. Rahba Qedima offers hand-woven baskets, natural perfumes, and unique handicrafts, while the Criée Berbère entices with its dark Berber carpets.

Souk Siyyaghin is renowned for its intricate jewelry, Souk Smata for its extensive collection of babouches (traditional Moroccan slippers) and belts, while Souk Cherratine specializes in fine leather goods. Souk Belaarif caters to modern consumer goods, and Souk Haddadine showcases exquisite ironware and lanterns. The Medina’s street food, particularly in Mechoui Alley, is celebrated for its slow-roasted lamb dishes, offering a tantalizing taste of local culinary traditions.

City Walls and Gates:

The imposing ramparts of Marrakesh, spanning approximately 19 kilometers around the medina, were erected in the 12th century by the Almoravids as protective fortifications. Fashioned from distinctive orange-red clay and chalk, these walls stand up to 19 feet high, punctuated by 20 gates and 200 towers. They lend the city its epithet, “the Red City,” and provide a tangible link to its storied past.

Bab Agnaou, a notable gate of the Kasbah, dates to the late 12th century, commissioned by the Almohad caliph Ya’qub al-Mansur as a prominent entryway. Its name, Agnaou, echoes references to people of Sub-Saharan African origin, symbolic of the gate’s historical significance. Renowned for its floral embellishments and Quranic inscriptions in Maghrebi script, Bab Agnaou underwent renovations during the reign of Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah.

The medina boasts several historic gates, including Bab Doukkala, Bab el-Khemis, Bab ad-Debbagh, Bab Aylan, Bab Aghmat, Bab er-Robb, Bab el-Makhzen, and Bab el-‘Arissa, each reflecting architectural nuances from the Almoravid era. Bab Doukkala, for instance, distinguished by its robust structure, takes its name from the coastal Doukkala region. Bab el-Khemis, nestled in the northeastern medina, derives its name from the bustling Thursday market.

Gardens:

Marrakesh’s verdant oases include both ancient and contemporary gardens, offering respite amid the bustling cityscape. The Menara Gardens, established in 1157 by Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu’min, feature expansive orchards and olive groves encircling a vast water reservoir. Nearby, the Agdal Gardens, dating back to the reign of Abu Ya’qub Yusuf, encompass multiple water basins and palatial structures, enveloped by pisé walls.

The Majorelle Garden, once owned by artist Jacques Majorelle and lovingly restored by Yves Saint Laurent, captivates with its diverse plant species from five continents. Open since 1947, this garden is a tranquil retreat, housing the Museum of Islamic Art amidst its botanical wonders. The Koutoubia Gardens, adjacent to the Koutoubia Mosque, feature lush orange and palm trees, frequented by storks, while the Mamounia Gardens, over a century old, dazzle with olive and orange trees and vibrant floral displays.

Palaces and Riads:

Marrakesh’s rich heritage shines through its architectural jewels, where palaces and riads grace the cityscape with timeless elegance. The El Badi Palace and Bahia Palace stand as majestic symbols of grandeur, while the Royal Palace continues to resonate with Morocco’s royal legacy. Riads, traditional Moroccan mansions surrounding serene courtyard gardens, embody architectural finesse within their high-walled confines. Originating from the Saadian era and flourishing through centuries, these residences are quintessential expressions of Marrakesh’s architectural magnificence.

Mosques Of Marrakesh city:

Marrakesh boasts a collection of mosques that stand as architectural marvels, seamlessly blending spiritual significance with artistic brilliance. Among them, the Koutoubia Mosque shines as a masterpiece of Almohad craftsmanship, its majestic minaret soaring 77 meters above southwest Jemaa el-Fnaa. Built in the 12th century, this iconic structure remains a symbol of Marrakesh’s rich architectural heritage.

Nearby, the Ben Youssef Mosque, named after Almoravid sultan Ali ibn Yusuf, has undergone numerous renovations over the centuries, including enhancements by Saadian rulers. The Koubba Ba’adiyn offers a rare glimpse into Almoravid period architecture, adding to the city’s historical tapestry.

In the Kasbah district, the Kasbah Mosque stands as a testament to the architectural ingenuity of Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansour, its minaret a towering symbol of historical prestige. Other notable mosques include the Ben Salah Mosque, a venerable monument from the Marinid era, and the Mouassine Mosque, renowned for its school, library, and intricately designed fountain.

Beyond their role as places of worship, these mosques serve as architectural milestones, reflecting Marrakesh’s deep spiritual and cultural roots. Each structure not only contributes to the city’s skyline but also preserves its rich history for generations to come.

Tombs and Mellah Marrakech:

Marrakesh’s cultural richness is deepened by its tombs and Mellah, the historic Jewish Quarter. The Saadian Tombs, a sacred burial site for Saadian rulers, feature stunning marble and zellij tilework set amidst verdant gardens. Nearby, the tombs of Sufi saints attract pilgrims annually during the ziara pilgrimage, underscoring Marrakesh’s spiritual magnetism. The Mellah, once a bustling Jewish community, continues to thrive with landmarks like the Slat al-Azama Synagogue and hosts Morocco’s largest Jewish cemetery, symbolizing centuries of harmony and cultural interplay.

Hotels:

Marrakesh is a top spot for travelers. It offers a diverse array of accommodations. They cater to every taste and preference. It’s hotels are well-known. One of them is the Mamounia Hotel. It is a cherished Art Deco-Moroccan masterpiece. Famous people like Winston Churchill and Prince Charles visit it. Its serene gardens provide a peaceful retreat from the city’s lively atmosphere.

Also to the Mamounia, Marrakesh has other luxury options. These include the Eden Andalou Hotel. They also include the Sofitel Marrakech and Pullman Marrakech Palmeraie Resort & Spa. Each of these places promises visitors an unforgettable stay. They blend modern comfort with the city’s rich culture.

Marrakesh has a compelling mix of history, culture, and warm hospitality. It still captivates globetrotters. It invites them to discover its ancient streets, busy markets, and famous landmarks.

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